debt

El derecho a la insolvencia

Written by Franco Berardi Bifo, 24.02.2012
Austeridad en Europa

Los fanáticos del fundamentalismo económico dicen que “el trabajador alemán no quiere pagar las facturas del pescador griego” y, mientras tanto, enfrentan a los trabajadores entre sí, llevando a Europa al borde de la guerra civil.

La entidad que es "Europa" fue concebida a raíz de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como un proyecto para superar el nacionalismo moderno y crear una unión no identitaria basada en los principios del humanismo, la ilustración y la justicia social. ¿Qué queda de este proyecto original, después del reciente colapso financiero que ha asaltado la economía estadounidense y ha puesto en peligro a la zona euro? Desde el comienzo de la Unión Europea, el perfil constitucional de la entidad europea ha sido débilmente definido, de manera que el objetivo económico de prosperidad y las limitaciones del monetarismo financiero han tomado el lugar de una constitución. En la década de 1990, el Tratado de Maastricht marcó un punto de inflexión en este proceso. Sancionó la constitucionalización de la regla monetarista y sus implicaciones económicas: una disminución del gasto social, reducción de los costes laborales y un aumento de la competencia y la productividad. Los efectos de una aplicación intolerante de las reglas de Maastricht se hicieron evidentes en 2010: aplastando a Grecia e Irlanda y poniendo en peligro otros países, la crisis financiera mostró las contradicciones entre los deseos de crecimiento económico y estabilidad social, y la rigidez monetarista. En esta situación, las reglas de Maastricht han demostrado ser peligrosas, y la concepción global de la UE, basado en el protagonismo de la competencia económica, ha revelado su fragilidad.

 

Talk at KAFCA conference, Barcelona 2/12/2011

Written by Federico Campagna, 07.12.2011
This piece derives in part from an article I wrote in October 2011, titled Recurring Dreams: the red heart of fascism. In that article, I tried to analyze two different types of debt (the money-debt and the life-debt) in the light of the history of Western capitalism and of the current financial crisis. Also, I drew a number of comparisons between the current European/American situation and the one experienced during the inter-war period by those countries defeated in WWI. I attempted to warn of a recurrence of the breeding times of fascism/nazism, in which people’s exasperation for the devastating effects of a debt crisis risks turning into the desire for a higher authority to take absolute control and impose a new order. Finally, I warned of the ‘red’ – that is, left-wing, social – core of the early 20th century versions of fascism and nazism, and I identified similar desires in vast strata of today’s left.
 
Since I wrote that text, however, things have changed. With the rise of unelected, technocratic governments in Italy and Greece, with the deepening of the crisis and the enforcement of even more austerity measures, with the waves of occupations and repression in countless countries, and, most notably, with the umpteenth split in the left, the set of dangers and opportunities, I believe, has changed. To the risk of fascism, still present in the hearts of many, especially on the populist fringes, I would like to add that of authoritarian social capitalism. To the opportunity of revolutionary politics, I would like to add that of prefigurative-politics and of anarchist reformism.
 

The Right to Insolvency and the Disentanglement of the General Intellect's Potency

Written by Franco Berardi Bifo, 05.12.2011
Austerity in Europe
 
"The German worker does not want to pay the Greek fisherman's bills," the fanatics of economic fundamentalism are saying, while pitting workers against workers and leading Europe to the brink of civil war.
 
The entity that is "Europe" was conceived in the aftermath of the Second World War as a project to overcome modern nationalism and create a non-identitarian union based on principles of humanism, enlightenment, and social justice. What is left of this original project, after the recent financial collapse that has stormed the American economy and jeopardized the Eurozone? Since the beginning of the European Union, the constitutional profile of the European entity has been weakly defined, such that economic goals of prosperity and monetarist financial constraints have taken the place of a constitution. In the 1990s, the Maastricht Treaty marked a turning point in this process. It sanctioned the constitutionalization of monetarist rule and its economic implications: a decrease in social spending, cuts in labor costs and an increase in competition and productivity. The effects of a narrow application of the Maastricht rules became evident in 2010: overwhelming Greece and Ireland and endangering other countries, the financial crisis exposed the contradictions between the desires for economic growth, social stability, and monetarist rigidity. In this situation, the Maastricht rules have been shown to be dangerous, and the overall conception of the EU, based on the centrality of economic competition, has revealed its frailty.
 

Paradosso del presente e diritto all'insolvenza

Written by Franco Berardi Bifo, 29.10.2011

Inefficacia delle forme di lotta in assenza di solidarietà

Il movimento di protesta si è diffuso durante l’anno 2011, e ha cercato di opporsi all’attacco finanziario contro la società. Ma le dimostrazioni pacifiche non sono riuscite a cambiare il programma di azione della Banca centrale europea, dato che i parlamenti nazionali sono ostaggi delle regole di Maastricht, degli automatismi finanziari che funzionano come costituzione materiale dell’Unione. La dimostrazione pacifica è efficace nel contesto della democrazia, ma la democrazia è finita dal momento che automatismi tecno finanziari hanno preso il posto della decisione politica. Se occorreva una prova definitiva del carattere illusorio di ogni discorso sull’alternativa democratica, l’esperienza di governo di Barack Obama ce l’ha fornita. Nessun potere democratico può nulla, nessuna alternativa è possibile nella sfera dell’azione democratica, dal momento che le decisioni sono già prese, incorporate nei dispositivi di connessione informatica, finanziaria e psichica.

Recurring Dreams - the red heart of fascism

Written by Federico Campagna, 09.10.2011

Prologue

Looking around ourselves today, we realize that we have already seen all this. It wasn’t quite the same in terms of style; skirts were longer, kids were wearing shorts, cars were slower and fewer, and everything was in black and white. Yet, we have seen all this before. We have encountered it in history books, or in the tales of our grandparents. We have met it in the novels of Faulkner and Musil, or in the pig-faced paintings of Grosz. We forgot about it long ago, since we started to repeat to ourselves that its atrocious offspring would never come back to life. Never again. And yet, he is coming back now. Once again, we are living in the nervous times, pregnant with the monster.

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